Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en Insuficiencia Cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida

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Introduction: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF). The presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) determines a worse prognosis in these patients. There are questionnaires aimed at evaluating the probability of OSA, although none have been validated in patients with HF. The primary objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of SDB in a cohort of patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) from the Multidisciplinary HF Unit (UMIC). As a secondary objective, to evaluate the usefulness of the Stop-Bang, Berlin, and 2ABN3M questionnaires for TRS screening in these patients. Methodology: Cross-sectional, observational study, including the active cohort of the UMIC, over 18 years with HFrEF, clinically stable and informed consent. Patients with cognitive, neurological or hearing impairment with limitations when conducting the interview were excluded. Patients with other limiting or uncontrolled sleep disorders, continuous home oxygen therapy requirements, did not enter the study. Berlin, Stop-Bang, and 2ABN3M questionnaires were administered, classifying the population into high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups of presenting SDB. All patients underwent outpatient respiratory polygraphy (RP). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize demographic variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion. SPSS statistical software was used. Results: 387 patients were included, 248 men (64.1%), mean age was 63.5 ± 0.6 years. The etiology of HF was ischemic in 41.6% of patients. The body mass index was 29.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2. LVEF was 34.2 ± 0.5, pro-BNP 1233.8 ± 137.6 pg/ml. The results of the questionnaires showed that 52.1% (198) presented a high risk of SDB according to the Berlin questionnaire. With Stop-Bang, 35.9% (139) were high risk, 42.1% (163) intermediate risk, and the remaining 22% (85) low risk. With the 2ABN3M score, 62% (240) were high risk. A total of 156 respiratory polygraphs (40.3% of the population) were performed. The cut-off point to define the presence of sleep apnea was considered to be an AHI >15. 58.3% (91) of the patients presented TRS. Of these, 95% presented obstructive apnea and 5% central apnea with periodic Cheyne-Stokes breathing. A high percentage (26%) presented AHI greater than 30. The sensitivity of the Berlin and Stop-Bang questionnaires was 75.8% and 91.2%, respectively, with a specificity of 53.8% and 24.6%. Regarding the 2ABN3M score, a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 44.6% were observed. Conclusions: The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with HFrEF was high in our cohort and obstructive apnea predominated. Given the high sensitivity (91.2%) of the Stop-Bang questionnaire found in our study, it could be useful as a screening tool for TRS in this type of patient. The importance of investigating this pathology whose clinical presentation can be non-specific and remain underdiagnosed is highlighted.

Introdução: Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) são altamente prevalentes em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). A presença da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) determina pior prognóstico nesses pacientes. Existem questionários destinados a avaliar a probabilidade de AOS, porém nenhum foi validado em pacientes com IC. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi estabelecer a prevalência de DRS em uma coorte de pacientes com IC e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) da Unidade Multidisciplinar de IC (UMIC). Como objetivo secundário, avaliar a utilidade dos questionários Stop-Bang, Berlin e 2ABN3M para triagem de SRT nesses pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, observacional, inclui a coorte ativa da UMIC, maiores de 18 anos com ICFEr, clinicamente estável e consentimento informado. Foram excluídos pacientes com deficiência cognitiva, neurológica ou auditiva com limitações na realização da entrevista. Pacientes com outros distúrbios do sono limitantes ou descontrolados, requisitos de oxigenoterapia domiciliar contínua, não entraram no estudo. Os questionários Berlin, Stop-Bang e 2ABN3M foram aplicados, classificando a população em grupos de alto risco, risco intermediário e baixo risco de apresentar DRS. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à poligrafia respiratória (PR) ambulatorial. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para caracterizar as variáveis ​​demográficas, medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foi utilizado o software estatístico SPSS. Resultados: foram incluídos 387 pacientes, 248 homens (64,1%), com idade média de 63,5 ± 0,6 anos. A etiologia da IC foi isquêmica em 41,6% dos pacientes. O índice de massa corporal foi de 29,3 ± 0,3 kg/m2. FEVE foi de 34,2 ± 0,5, pro-BNP 1233,8 ± 137,6 pg/ml. Os resultados dos questionários mostraram que 52,1% (198) apresentaram alto risco de DRS de acordo com o questionário de Berlim. Com Stop-Bang, 35,9% (139) eram de alto risco, 42,1% (163) de risco intermediário e os restantes 22% (85) de baixo risco. Com a pontuação 2ABN3M, 62% (240) eram de alto risco. Foram realizados 156 polígrafos respiratórios (40,3% da população). O ponto de corte para definir a presença de apneia do sono foi considerado um IAH >15. 58,3% (91) dos pacientes apresentaram SRT. Destes, 95% apresentavam apnéia obstrutiva e 5% apnéia central com respiração Cheyne-Stokes periódica. Uma alta porcentagem (26%) apresentou IAH maior que 30. A sensibilidade dos questionários Berlin e Stop-Bang foi de 75,8% e 91,2%, respectivamente, com especificidade de 53,8% e 24,6%. Em relação ao escore 2ABN3M, observou-se sensibilidade de 71,4% e especificidade de 44,6%. Conclusões: A prevalência de distúrbios respiratórios do sono em pacientes com ICFEr foi alta em nossa coorte, com predominância de apneias obstrutivas. Dada a alta sensibilidade (91,2%) do questionário Stop-Bang encontrado em nosso estudo, ele pode ser útil como uma ferramenta de triagem para ERT nesse tipo de paciente. Ressalta-se a importância da investigação dessa patologia cuja apresentação clínica pode ser inespecífica e permanecer subdiagnosticada.

Tratamiento con presión positiva de la Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño. Posición de la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria / Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Positive Pressure. Position of the Argentinian Association of Respiratory Medicine

La Sección de Sueño, Oxigenoterapia y Otros Tratamientos Crónicos Domiciliarios, de la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria (AAMR) se planteó desarrollar en nuestro país un documento formal que exponga la base científica y costo económica de la cobertura del tratamiento del síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas durante el sueño (SAHOS). Esta iniciativa se basó en la necesidad de analizar la visión de expertos locales que se desempeñan en la realidad coyuntural cotidiana de nuestro país, para elaborar un documento informativo para miembros del equipo de salud. A su vez, exhorta a los diferentes actores del sistema a determinar pautas claras que sirvan de referencia para la generación de políticas públicas. La agenda se inició en septiembre de 2018 en un grupo de redacción. Luego, revisores de cinco provincias argentinas efectuaron una extensa valoración de la evidencia publicada. Para la edición final se realizó una reunión presencial de discusión y generación de consenso. Se plantearon como objetivos; actualizar la base científica que define al SAHOS como problema de salud de proporciones epidémicas con consecuencias demostrables en la salud, analizar los datos de costo-efectividad del tratamiento con CPAP para las formas moderadas a severas y leves con síntomas y unificar conceptos en relación con la calidad mínima necesaria en los tratamientos que se ofrecen. Finalmente, se analiza la situación en la Argentina sobre la base a datos publicados y se presenta una propuesta de mejora en tres niveles: social y económico, logístico-administrativo y clínico

The Sleep, Oxygen Therapy and Other Home Chronic Treatments Section of the Argentinian Association of Respiratory Medicine (AAMR, for its acronym in Spanish) proposed the development in our country of a formal document exposing the scientific and cost-economical foundation of the coverage for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). This initiative was based on the need to analyze the vision of local experts who work in the daily current reality of our country, in order to create an informative document for the members of the medical staff. In turn, it encourages the different members of the system to determine clear guidelines that could be used as reference for generating public policies. The agenda began in September, 2018 within a writing staff. Then, editors from five Argentinian provinces made a thorough assessment of published evidence. For the final edition, a face-to-face meeting was arranged to discuss and reach a consensus. The suggested objectives were: to update the scientific base that defines the OSAHS as a health problem of epidemic proportions with health consequences; to analyze cost-efficacy data of CPAP treatment for moderate to severe and mild-with-symptoms forms of the disease and to unify concepts in relation to the minimum necessary quality of treatments to be offered. Finally, the situation in Argentina is analyzed basing on published data, and a proposal is presented for improvement in three levels: social and economic, logistic-administrative and clinical.

Guías prácticas de diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño: Actualización 2019: Sección Sueño, Oxigenoterapia y Tratamientos Crónicos Domiciliarios. Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria / Practical guides for diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apneas and hypopneas syndrome: 2019 update. Sleep, Oxygen Therapy and Chronic Home Treatments Section. Argentine Association of Respiratory Medicine

Las apneas del sueño constituyen uno de los trastornos respiratorios crónicos de mayor relevancia en la población general, por su prevalencia, los efectos que produce en los pacientes que las padecen y su impacto en la salud pública. En el año 2013 se publicaron las primeras Guías Prácticas de diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño de la AAMR. Desde entonces se ha generado un volumen significativo de evidencia científica sobre estos trastornos, lo que ha motivado la actualización de estas Guías Prácticas. Un grupo de trabajo, conformado por profesionales entrenados y con experiencia en trastornos respiratorios del sueño, revisó la bibliografía y actualizó los conceptos vertidos en las guías 2013. En su desarrollo se define el cuadro, los criterios diagnósticos y de gravedad, los factores de riesgo, las formas de presentación y sus consecuencias. Se detalla la metodología diagnóstica, sus distintas variables e indicaciones y los requisitos técnicos para su validación e interpretación. Por último se desarrollan las alternativas terapéuticas, así como también aspectos prácticos de su implementación. El objetivo central fue generar una herramienta de divulgación científica, que determine pautas claras que sirvan de referencia para la formación de profesionales, la atención de pacientes con esta enfermedad y la generación de políticas públicas.

Sleep apnea is one of the most relevant chronic respiratory disorders in the general population, given its prevalence, the effects it produces in patients and their impact on public health. In 2013, the first Practical Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome of the AAMR were published. Since then, a significant volume of scientific evidence on these disorders has been generated, which has motivated the updating of these Practical Guidelines. A working group of trained professionals with experience in sleep breathing disorders reviewed the literature and updated the concepts included in the 2013 guidelines. Clinical aspects, diagnostic and severity criteria, risk factors, consequences and diagnostic strategy are addressed, as well as therapeutic alternatives and practical aspects of their implementation. The main objective was to generate practical guidelines that constitute a reference for the training of professionals, the care of patients with this disease and the generation of public policies.

La actigrafía como herramienta diagnóstica / ROLE OF ACTIGRAPHY IN THE STUDY OF SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS : ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF ACTIGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP DISORDERS

El diagnóstico y tratamiento de los trastornos de sueño, especialmente los asociados al Ritmo Circadiano, utilizan métodos costosos, invasivos e incómodos tanto para los pacientes como para los médicos, quienes deben realizar un seguimiento de los hábitos de sueño. La actigrafía ha sido aceptada como una herramienta válida para el estudio y diagnóstico de trastornos circadianos. Más de 300 dispositivos se comercializan actualmente para el uso personal, pero pocos de estos han sido probados para un uso diagnóstico. En este estudio comparativo compuesto por 21 sujetos, se informa acerca de los patrones de sueño y actividad registrados por algunos dispositivos, como Micro-Mini Motionlogger Watch, Condor Act Trust, MisFit Flash y Fitbit Flex. No se observan diferencias significativas en el análisis del patrón de actividad de descanso entre dispositivos. Tampoco se observan para el sueño Onset (inicio), el Tiempo Total de Sueño y la Eficiencia del Sueño. Según el tipo de estudio y análisis deseado, éstos dispositivos pueden resultar alternativos para los registros de actividad y sueño.

This is a comparative analysis of actigraphy performance in comparison with different sleep Parameters. Actigraphy is a non-invasive and valid method of monitoring human rest activity cycles. The report describes the role of actigraphy to assess the study of sleep-wake patterns and circadian rhythms, evaluating its development as a diagnostic tool, with a comparative analysis of actigraphy performance in comparison with different sleep parameters. The diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, especially those associated with the cicardian rhythm, employ very expensive costs, invasives or unconfortable for the patients the same as for physicians, who must perform a demand of the sleeping habits. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders has identified more than 80 sleep disorders, all of them have associated treatments. Actinography has been accepted as a valid tool for the study and diagnosis of circadian disorders. All these aspects are discussed in the article

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño durante el embarazo / Respiratory sleep disorders during pregnancy

El embarazo es un momento especial en la vida de las mujeres. En la futura madre conviven la alegría por la gesta en curso con los temores de que algo pueda suceder en la evolución de la misma, tanto en ella, como en el niño que va creciendo dentro de su cuerpo. Sin dudas, los cambios anatómicos y hormonales generan variaciones funcionales de distintos sistemas y órganos con la posible aparición de patologías con directa repercusión para el binomio en cuestión. En este artículo haremos una revisión de la relación entre la evolución del embarazo y patologías asociadas al sueño de la gestante así como los posibles métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos con los que contamos para, finalmente, proponer un algoritmo para sistematizar la búsqueda de la patología del sueño en la mujer embarazada.

Pregnancy is a special condition during women life where several physiologic, morphologic, metabolic and emotional changes take place. Due to the interaction of these changes sleep complaints are frequent during pregnancy. Breathing disorders during sleep are unusual in young non-obese women; however pregnancy may promote snoring and in certain cases sleep apnea. In this review we will discuss the relationship between pregnancy progression and sleep complaints. We will present different approaches to confirm the diagnosis as well as the therapeutic strategies with special focus in sleep apnea. An algorithm for the detection and treatment of sleep breathing disorders during sleep is proposed.